The new energy vehicles discussed in this paper are limited to pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, while advanced diesel-powered vehicles and vehicles using bio-liquid fuels are classified as energy-efficient vehicles. The so-called pure electric vehicle refers to a motor driven motor driven by a battery or a fuel cell; there are many kinds of fuel cell vehicles, and the best known method is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This technology is characterized by hydrogen as a fuel, which generates electricity by the movement of electrons, which is stored and used. A hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle that is powered by a conventional gasoline engine or a diesel engine combined with an electric motor.
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First, the significance of developing new energy vehicles
The automobile industry is the pillar industry of the national economy. It is closely related to people's lives and has become an indispensable part of modern society. However, the traditional automobile industry fueled by petroleum has increased the dependence of the national economy on fossil energy while providing people with fast and comfortable means of transportation, and deepened the contradiction between energy production and consumption. With the continuous increase of the dual pressures of resources and the environment, the development of new energy vehicles has become the direction of the future development of the automotive industry.
(1) Developing new energy vehicles is an important measure to alleviate oil shortages
The development of new energy vehicles is the only way to reduce dependence on foreign oil and solve the contradiction between rapidly growing energy demand and oil resources will eventually dry up. In recent years, China's auto market has developed rapidly and has become the second largest auto market in the world. In 2009, China's car ownership exceeded 70 million, both production and sales exceeded 13 million, and annual oil consumption will reach 120 million tons. At present, China's per capita GDP has exceeded 3,000 US dollars, and the upgrading of consumption structure is an inevitable trend. In addition, China is in an important stage of industrialization, urbanization and motorization, and the rapid growth of automobile demand is difficult to avoid. China has only 38 vehicles per thousand people, which is far from the world average of 139 vehicles. There is still considerable room for development in the automotive consumer market. It is estimated that by 2020, China's car ownership will reach 150 million. If all fossil energy is used, the annual consumption of oil will reach 250 million tons, accounting for 55% of China's total oil consumption by then. Therefore, vigorously developing new energy vehicles is an important measure to alleviate China's oil shortage and reduce the dependence of oil on foreign countries.
(2) Developing new energy vehicles is an effective way to reduce environmental pollution
New energy vehicles do not burn gasoline and diesel, and the lithium batteries used are internationally recognized environmentally friendly batteries. In addition, compared with traditional cars, electric vehicles are not polluted at startup and have excellent environmental performance. In terms of efficiency, the energy conversion efficiency of traditional vehicles is only 17%, and the efficiency of electric vehicles is 90%. Even considering the efficiency loss of coal-fired power generation, the total efficiency of electric vehicles is more than 30%, about twice that of traditional cars. The energy saving effect is very obvious. In particular, in recent years, countries around the world have paid close attention to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Although China is a developing country with a low level of per capita greenhouse gas emissions, due to China’s large population, the national economy has continued to develop rapidly over the years, and energy consumption has been It has ranked second in the world, and the pressure on the international community will gradually increase in the future. According to surveys, about 25% of the world's carbon dioxide comes from the exhaust of cars. If China can take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in the field of new energy vehicles, it will change China's passive position in climate change and contribute to solving the increasingly serious energy and environmental problems globally.
(3) Developing new energy vehicles is the only way to develop the automobile industry
New energy vehicles will give birth to a revolution in automotive power technology, and will certainly drive the upgrading of the automobile industry and establish a new national economy strategic industry, which is the only way for the development of the automobile industry. The cost of using new energy vehicles is very low. Converting the cost of electricity for 100 kilometers, the cost of electricity is only 20% of the cost of oil. That is to say, using a new energy vehicle can take only one-fifth of the money to reach the equivalent of the original number of kilometers. . Ordinary cars, whether manual or automatic, use gearbox shifting. Electric car shifting is motor driven, no gearbox, and very powerful. In addition, the four-wheel drive of the electric vehicle is simple in principle, easy to implement, and easy to operate and maintain, without changing the oil. The above characteristics of new energy vehicles determine its strong vitality and broad market development prospects. It is envisaged that by 2020, China's new energy vehicles will account for 20% of the car ownership at that time, about 30 million vehicles, and can save 50 million tons of oil a year, equivalent to one year's oil production in a Daqing oil field.
(4) Developing new energy vehicles is an important part of smart grid construction
In the traditional power system, there is an inherent contradiction between the fluctuation of the actual power load and the stability of the power load required under the rated condition of the generator set. How to deal with the peak-to-valley difference of the power system has always been a headache for the power grid enterprises. China's power installed capacity has exceeded 800 million kilowatts, and will continue to grow rapidly, but the current utilization hours of the power station is only 5,000 hours, that is, many units are built to cope with the short-term peak load of the power system, if measures It is enough to build 600 million kilowatts of installed capacity. Imagine if the government strongly advocates the development of new energy vehicles, residents of various cities will buy electric vehicles, and use low-cost low-cost electricity for electric charging at night. At the peak of the day, they can also sell electricity to the grid at a higher price. The role of the peak filling valley, then the problem of peak and valley difference can be solved. The power grid established according to such assumptions will have certain self-regulating capabilities. The various links of the power system's transmission, transmission, distribution, sale, use and dispatch will form an effective interaction and become an intelligent organic whole. Greatly improve the safety and reliability of the power system. It can be expected that as an important part of smart grid construction, new energy vehicles will bring about a revolution in the power system.
In general, new energy vehicles represent the development direction of the world automobile industry, the commanding heights of the future world automobile industry, and the common strategic choice of major countries and automobile manufacturers in the world. From the perspective of national strategy, vigorously developing new energy vehicles is a breakthrough in the new round of economic growth and a fundamental way to realize the transformation of transportation energy. China's auto industry must take active actions, participate in the competition of this global new energy vehicle, and dare to meet the challenge, in order to seize this rare historical opportunity and realize the leap-forward development of China's auto industry.
Second, the status and trends of international new energy vehicles
Developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany attach great importance to new energy vehicle technology. From the strategy of automobile technology reform and industrial upgrading, they have promulgated and formulated preferential policies and measures to actively promote the development of new energy automobile industry in the country, with a view to upgrading the domestic automobile industry. Competitiveness and a favorable position in the new round of competition in the global automotive industry. According to incomplete statistics, before the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the funds for research and development and industrialization of new energy vehicles in developed countries were not less than 1 billion U.S. dollars, and the accumulated investment reached more than 10 billion U.S. dollars.
Under the encouragement and guidance of the policy, all major automobile manufacturers around the world have accelerated the pace of industrialization of new energy vehicles. At present, the “low emission†hybrid vehicle has entered the stage of large-scale industrialization, and the cumulative sales volume in the world has exceeded 1 million units, which is dominant in the current new energy vehicle market. The mass production time of “zero emission†pure electric vehicles has been advanced to 2015, 10 years to 15 years earlier than originally expected. It is predicted that the climax of the industrialization of new energy vehicles will be ushered in around 2012. The next 10 to 20 years will be a crucial period for the formation of a new energy automobile industry. New energy vehicles will become a new growth point for economic development.
Currently, the country with the largest sales of hybrid vehicles in the world is the United States. In 2008, the sales volume of hybrid vehicles in the United States was 314,000, a year-on-year decrease of 10.3%. In 2007, it was 350,000 vehicles. Although the United States is the country with the largest sales volume of hybrid vehicles in the world, the proportion of hybrid vehicles in the United States is quite low. In 2008, it accounted for 2.4% of the total vehicle sales. After taking office, President Obama used plug-in hybrid vehicles as a trump card to stimulate the economy and save the auto industry. Under his advocacy, the federal government has launched a series of strong measures in a few months to promote the plug-in hybrid vehicle program, spending $14 billion to support the development and production of power batteries and key components. Support charging infrastructure construction, consumer car subsidies and government procurement. The United States has also set up a $25 billion fund to support manufacturers in the development and production of energy-saving and new-energy vehicles with low-interest loans. The goal is to double the fuel economy of automobiles every year. It is estimated that by 2012, half of the US federal government purchases will be plug-in hybrid or pure electric vehicles. By 2015, 1 million hybrid vehicles will be put into use in the United States.
Third, the development status of China's new energy vehicles
The development of new energy vehicles in China began in the 1990s. Since the "10th Five-Year Plan", the state has formulated a new energy vehicle science and technology plan, and with the support of national projects such as the "863" project, it has invested more than 2 billion yuan in research and development funds, the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 811, Tsinghua University, etc. Ten units have listed the research and development of new energy vehicles and related parts as a key issue, conducted follow-up studies on various major technical routes, and obtained phased research results, and cultivated a strong R&D team. It has laid a good foundation for the development of China's new energy automobile industry.
In recent years, China has accelerated the pace of research and development of new energy vehicles. At present, it has already established the basic conditions for industrialization development, initially formed a relatively complete key component system, developed a number of new energy vehicles, and realized the production of small batches of vehicles. ability. Small-scale demonstration applications have been carried out in cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, Zhuzhou, etc., providing technical, product and operational experience guarantees for the further promotion of new energy vehicles.
In recent years, as the global automotive industry began to shift to the Chinese market, the industrialization of new energy vehicles has accelerated significantly. According to incomplete statistics, at present, there are more than 150 vehicle manufacturers including FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC, BAIC, Chery, Geely, Lifan and BYD, and more than 30 manufacturers engaged in the development and production of hybrid buses. Especially with the gradual establishment of the manufacturing system of new energy vehicles in China, the independent innovation capability has been greatly improved. Many domestic enterprises have begun to get involved in the research and production of key components such as batteries and motors related to new energy vehicles. The gap in the advanced level is shrinking.
At present, the international financial crisis continues to spread, and the development of major automobile companies in the world has been greatly affected. The survival of enterprises is facing great challenges. To this end, the National Development and Reform Commission formulated the "Automotive Industry Adjustment and Revitalization Plan", which comprehensively planned and deployed the development of the automobile industry. The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology also issued the "Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of New Energy Vehicles Demonstration and Promotion". Increased policy support for new energy vehicles, and auto companies have increased their investment in research and development of new energy vehicles and related parts. As a hot spot of independent innovation in the automotive industry, China's new energy automobile industry is entering a new stage of rapid development.
Fourth, the problems in the development of new energy vehicles in China
In recent years, the output of new energy vehicles in China has increased rapidly, the quality of automobiles has increased rapidly, the pace of research and development has accelerated markedly, and the basic conditions for industrialization have been achieved. But overall, China's new energy vehicle industry is still in its infancy, and there are still many problems to be solved, including the following aspects:
(1) The technical level needs to be further improved. According to relevant experts, the current level of new energy vehicles in China is still relatively low. In terms of battery system integration technology, large-scale production process design, production process quality and cost control, there is still a large gap with foreign advanced levels, especially in The core technologies such as battery, motor and electronic control are missing, resulting in a large difference in performance between domestic key components and imported products. The efficiency of the electric drive system is low, the battery charging time is long, and the service life is low.
(2) The investment of enterprises is obviously insufficient. China's new energy vehicles are still in the level of making "sample cars", so that they should become the mainstream products that the majority of users are satisfied with, no matter the whole vehicle or parts and components have a lot of follow-up development work. However, some companies do not step up research and development, accumulate independent intellectual property rights, but can't wait to buy foreign batteries, key components and control systems to assemble, and the name is "system integration." Although many companies in the industry are eager to try, most of them are just taking advantage of the speculation, bluffing, "thunder and heavy rain", still in the state of waiting and waiting, the actual action is very slow. Some automakers even borrowed from the state to control the market access of new energy vehicle manufacturers, in order to profit from the production of vehicle production, it is only in front of the eyes, not thinking ahead.
(3) The construction of the industrial system is still not perfect. At present, China's new energy automobile industry has relatively weak capacity building. It has not established a relatively complete industrial system from scientific research, design to equipment manufacturing. The construction of the industrial chain needs to be further strengthened, especially for the construction of supporting infrastructure such as charging stations necessary for consumers. Seriously lagging behind, the technical specifications for testing and testing of new energy vehicles are not perfect, the product certification system needs to be strengthened, and the standardization work is obviously lagging behind, seriously hampering the healthy development of the new energy automobile industry.
(4) Various elements and resources need to be further integrated. At present, most of China's new energy auto companies are fighting separately, and the role of industry associations and intermediaries is not being realized. Lack of necessary resource integration and overall coordination, low-level redundant construction, and waste of resources are common. How to give full play to the role of market allocation resources, effectively integrate various factors and resources for the development of new energy vehicles, and establish good expectations for new energy vehicles between producers and consumers, which is a problem that needs to be solved in developing new energy vehicles in China. Important task.
(5) Lack of clear national strategies and strong policy measures. New energy vehicles are new things. Under the current technical level, their production costs are not fully capable of competing with traditional vehicles. It is necessary for the government to formulate preferential policies to support them in order to develop healthily. At present, China's new energy vehicle strategy is still unclear. The country has not yet formulated a strategic new energy vehicle development plan. The policies that encourage new energy vehicle production and consumption are not systematic and lack coordination, although the country has developed new energy vehicles. Subsidy policy, but the relevant implementation rules have not yet been introduced, many subsidies are actually difficult to obtain, and the local government draws the land as a prison. Foreign companies enter the local market to adopt exclusion policies, leading to the prevalence of local protectionism, thus making the market environment for the development of new energy automobile enterprises in China As it deteriorates, the living space is further reduced.
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