"Does the broadcaster create the content before the receiving device exists, or does the receiving device exist before the broadcast content is provided?" This problem similar to the traditional "chicken and egg" does not exist for terrestrial digital broadcasting in the United States. The experience of the two systems, satellite broadcasting in the United States and digital audio broadcasting (DAB) in the United Kingdom, proves that only a digital radio station can provide content, and these contents are effectively promoted, can a specific market appear. Without an easily accessible content foundation, consumers will not invest in digital broadcast equipment, even if the product is affordable and the product is attractive. These concepts can be applied to HD radio broadcasting, which helps to increase user acceptance and accelerate profitability. Some of these concepts are derived from DAB deployment.

HD radio technology

Analog broadcasting uses frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM). Both of these modulation methods modulate the signal to some characteristics of the carrier: FM is the frequency modulation of a sinusoidal carrier, and AM is the amplitude. After radio frequency transmission, the information-bearing signal is received, demodulated, and extracted from the transmitted signal. The current AM and FM bands are between 540 ~ 1,700kHz and 88 ~ 108MHz, respectively. These bands contain various voice and music formats. However, except for the limited use of data sub-carrier services of the Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS) and other small audiences, neither of these frequency bands is used for data broadcasting.

HD wireless technology does not require a new spectrum because it can use the existing AM and FM frequency bands. In the HD wireless broadcasting industry, there are two forms of hybrid and all-digital. Mixed mode is to transmit digital signals on two adjacent sidebands and broadcast analog signals between the two bands. The all-digital mode eliminates the analog channel and uses all-digital transmission. Compared with FM and AM signal acquisition, a large amount of digital signal processing is involved when receiving such signals. For digital sidebands, it is necessary to remove adjacent analog channels (Figure 1). A more complex modulation scheme involves orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

In addition to de-interlacing and error correction, the digital stream must also use iBiquity's HD codec (HDC). At the same time, analog signals must also be processed in parallel as described above. Finally, digitized analog audio and digital audio (from HDC) are mixed together to produce the desired HD wireless audio (see Figure 2).

In addition to these signal processing issues, one of the main differences between analog radio and HD radio systems is data transmission. The similar digital technology (sans HDC) mentioned above can be used to provide a digital signal containing various information. The type of information transmitted and the impact on radio stations and radio equipment manufacturers are critical to the future success of this market.


Figure 1: Hybrid and full digital interference


Figure 2: Functional block diagram of HD radio FM receiver

HD radio technology data and audio processing concepts

Initially, the concept behind the rapid adoption of digital audio worldwide was quality. By using advanced codec technology, digital radio can achieve CD or higher quality audio in the AM and FM bands. However, as more and more broadcasters focus more on the content of wireless broadcasting, this concept is fading.

A major innovation of HD radio technology is to provide more content in the system frequency bands traditionally used for AM / FM terrestrial radio broadcasting. By using what we call the auxiliary audio service technology today, broadcasters can provide two content channels (and possibly more), while previously only one channel could be provided. This is by subdividing the audio frequency band into different channels, similar to the multiplexing environment of DAB. Multiplying content without increasing broadcast costs is a key driver of HD radio technology. Broadcasters can increase the size of listeners and related income, while providing consumers with more choices.

Broadcasting equipment manufacturers and receiving equipment manufacturers planning to use HD radio technology can learn from DAB and use data functions from the beginning. There are several achievable applications that allow consumers to accept HD radios. For example, program-related data, such as song titles or broadcast formats, need to be the basic data characteristics of HD radio receivers. Therefore, the receiving device will need an LCD, and this LCD can at least support the scrolling function, so that consumers can see all the information of the transmission channel. For broadcasters, regular updates can be expressed in the form of electronic program guides (EPGs). This function has already appeared in DAB products and has been standardized.

When matching the storage function, for example, the receiving device has an integrated hard disk (HDD), another innovation that the EPG mechanism may implement is to support time-shifted content. At the simplest level, consumers can pause a program to answer the call; at this time, the receiver records the content of the program in the memory so that the user can continue to listen to the program after answering the call.

The more advanced receiver enables users to program it to automatically record when the user is inconvenient to watch the program, and the user can play it back later. The EPG with the function of tracking each song list allows the user to program the receiver to scan the broadcast channel of a particular song and save it when the song is found. Note that program buffering and time-shift playback require the receiver to be able to encode content. Instead of storing the original signal, the receiver uses acoustic modeling to convert the signal into a more efficient format, such as MP3, to use storage capacity more efficiently.

In addition to time-shift audio and EPG, traffic information can also be transmitted via HD radio transmission. A major feature of terrestrial radio in the United States is localization, which can adapt to the specific requirements of the community. Transportation information is needed for medium-sized cities from major cities. Combined with a GPS-enabled navigation system, it is very useful to send traffic information through HD radio broadcasts, which enables drivers to quickly detour when encountering traffic accidents. Data in this area can be updated quickly in several ways. HD radio data transmission can fulfill this requirement, although an application layer needs to be created.

Mobile TV application

BT LiveTIme showed another innovative application that uses sideband channels to provide users with competitive content. The company is a joint venture between BT and UBC Media. In addition to multiple audio channels, BT LiveTIme also provides news summaries and video services through the DAB data channel. For devices with limited display capabilities, such as the two-line LCD commonly found in car entertainment system receiving units, the news summary service enables these receivers to scroll the headlines on the display screen without interrupting audio transmission.

More attractive is the use of data channels to broadcast video for mobile TV applications. For example, mobile phone users will be able to listen to and watch TV programs while on the move. Data unrelated to the program involves careful consideration of display costs and storage space required. The correct application of these data and attention to local content have a great influence on the rapid adoption of HD radio technology. Receiving equipment manufacturers also need to consider security and effective display methods for standardized data formats. Broadcasters, while recognizing the additional revenue from this technology, should also * estimate what information should be sent and how to make the content more streamlined.

Flexible platform for HD radio receivers

The most innovative and exciting services of digital radio, such as supplementary audio services supported by digital sidebands and other new data services, are only just beginning to enter the research stage.

Due to the inevitable differences in the adoption and implementation of data applications, a flexible radio platform must be selected. In addition, radio equipment manufacturers want their HD radio technology to be implemented differently from competitors, and increase the value of their products by using their own IP. Those fixed HD radio receivers that can only handle HD wireless demodulation and decoding are detrimental to receiving equipment manufacturers and cannot take advantage of the benefits of HD radio data and audio content. As a result, broadcasters may not be able to send HD radio data and content in different forms, thereby causing consumers to be reluctant to adopt HD radio technology. In addition, there are products that cannot be characterized, such as the products mentioned above that have recording and time-shift playback functions.

It is also important to consider the size and target market of the receiver product. A programmable architecture provides developers with a basis for quickly launching different product lines, such as car stereos, home stereo equipment, and handheld devices, while leveraging existing software and hardware investments.

HD radio technology is an exciting emerging technology with unique digital signal processing requirements that exceed current analog radios. The added complexity of basic audio signal demodulation and decoding is combined with the need to address data broadcasting and additional audio content. DAB and satellites provide an example of how the HD radio market can effectively integrate data and audio and how broadcasters can effectively promote technology. In addition to content and promotion, the success of the HD radio market lies not only in choosing the correct platform that can handle HD radio signals, but also the platform needs to be flexible enough to take advantage of data and audio features.

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