Foreword
The Xi'an-Hanzhong Expressway is an important part of the six radiation lines of the “2367†expressway network in Shaanxi Province. It is also an important part of the Shaanxi Expressway “7918†network (North) Jing-Kun (Ming) Line (G5). The West Han Expressway is China's first expressway that crosses the Qinling Mountains. It realizes the dream of opening up the Millennium Road. It is the golden channel for the communication between the Central Plains, the Northwest and the Southwest, and the implementation of the Western Development. In 2008, during the process of snow removal and earthquake relief. It has played a huge role and is known as the "first road to Sichuan" and the "lifeline for disaster relief." There are 137 tunnels (single holes) in the entire line of the West Han Expressway, totaling 103,458. 8 meters. At present, the annual operating electricity cost of the Xihan Expressway tunnel is as high as tens of millions of yuan. The high power consumption and high electricity bill have become a heavy burden for the expressway operation management company.
Entrusted by Shaanxi Expressway Construction Group Co., Ltd., China Merchants Chongqing Transportation Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd. (Chongqing Highway Engineering Testing Center) undertook the Xihan Expressway Tunnel Lighting System Evaluation Project, based on on-site inspection and data analysis to evaluate the West Han Expressway. The current situation of tunnel lighting system operation, and put forward corresponding scientific and technological means to ensure the lighting energy-saving effect on the basis of ensuring the safe and smooth operation of the tunnel, so as to promote the sound and rapid development of the operation and management of the West Han Expressway.
1 Xihan Expressway Tunnel Lighting System Operation Status
In order to comprehensively, reasonably and efficiently test and evaluate the current situation of the entire tunnel lighting system of the West Han Expressway, according to the completion drawings and field investigation, the design plan of the whole tunnel lighting system can be divided into five categories according to the tunnel scale and lighting system settings. See Table 1 to Table 5. At present, except for the Qinling Tunnel Group, the Guojiashan Tunnel, the Zhujiatun Tunnel and the Conscience Tunnel, the daylight illumination control schemes for the remaining tunnels are: the enhanced lighting and basic lighting on the side with emergency lighting are simultaneously turned on (ie 1 /2 of all lighting fixtures) .
2 West Han Expressway Tunnel Lighting System Inspection and Evaluation
According to data survey, on-site inspection, data analysis and technical exchange, the current nine-way highway tunnel lighting system mainly has the following nine outstanding problems.
2. 1 Tunnel lighting system has excessive settings
Taking two tunnels as an example, according to the brightness detection data and theoretical analysis in the tunnel hole, the comparison results of the brightness parameters in the hole of this kind of lighting design scheme are obtained, as shown in Table 6.
From the above calculation results, it can be concluded that:
(1) Compared with the theoretical calculation value, the brightness detection value in the hole is equivalent to the theoretical calculation brightness value in the full-on mode of each illumination segment. The actual illumination effect of such illumination scheme is reasonable and feasible.
(2) Compared with the actual required value, the detected brightness value of the inlet section, transition section 1 and transition section 2 is more than 25% of the actual required brightness value (as shown in Figure 2). That is to say, the current lighting level is much higher than the actual required lighting level, and the existing lighting system has an excessive setting problem and has a large energy saving space. The main reason is that the outside-hole brightness value L20(S) (4500cd/m2) used in the design far exceeds the measured value (3300cd/m2). The detection brightness value of the middle section and the exit section is slightly lower than the actual required brightness value, which basically meets the tunnel operation requirements.
Similar problems exist in other four types of tunnel lighting design.
2. 2 medium and short tunnel lighting system is too large
The proportion of short tunnels on the Western Han Expressway accounts for about 79% of the total number of tunnels. According to data survey and field investigation, the short tunnel lighting system is designed with reference to the scale of the long tunnel lighting system, resulting in the strengthening of short tunnel lighting fixtures. For lighting fixtures, short tunnel lighting systems with a length of less than 300m are particularly large (as shown in Figure 3). Not only are there a large number of lamps, but also a serious waste of electrical energy, and no effective lighting control mode is established for the characteristics of short tunnels. There is certain operational safety. Hidden dangers (as shown in Figure 4).
2. 3 tunnel lighting system control method behind
The short-term tunnel lighting of the West Han Expressway is currently unable to achieve remote manual/automatic control, which requires manual control by the tunnel operation management personnel. Due to the large number of medium and short tunnels, the daily lighting control workload of the management office is large. On the one hand, it causes unnecessary energy waste. On the other hand, it takes a lot of manpower and material resources to switch lighting fixtures, and the operation management efficiency is too low.
2. 4 Tunnel lamps are more polluted
There is a lack of brightness in the basic lighting of the exit section of some long tunnels and near the exit side. In addition to factors such as the quality of the lamps and the spacing of the lamps, the main reason is that the lamps are seriously polluted and the utilization of the lamps is reduced. 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 / 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。. According to the site investigation, the air quality at the entrance end of the Qinling No. 1 tunnel (upstream line) is good, while the smoke at the exit end is heavy, and the tunnel lamps, pavements, and side walls are seriously polluted, as shown in Figure 5.
The Qinling and Ningshan Management Offices clean and maintain the lamps of the tunnels under the jurisdiction of the tunnels every quarter to half a year. The cleaning and maintenance frequency can basically meet the maintenance requirements of the short tunnels and downhill tunnels. However, for the long uphill and long tunnels, due to the West Han Expressway The proportion of large vehicles is high (about 60%), and the frequency of cleaning and maintenance can no longer guarantee the lighting effect of heavily polluted tunnels.
2. 5 tunnel active electro-optic induction target application
Only a few tunnels on the West Han Expressway have active electro-optic induction targets. Since most tunnels are curved tunnels, traffic accidents are highly prone to occur when lighting is not sufficiently bright or inductive. In addition, special attention should be paid to the visual guidance problem of curved tunnel illumination: When the single-sided luminaire in the tunnel is turned on, the outside illumination of the curve has better visual induction than the inner side. When the part of the curved tunnel of the West Han Expressway is lighting control, the visual inducibility problem is not considered, as shown in Figure 6, and Figure 7 is a better example of illumination vision induction.
2. 6 part of the tunnel lighting installation angle is not good
The angle of installation of tunnel lighting directly affects the level and uniformity of illumination. The installation angle of some tunnels on the West Han Expressway is unreasonable, and the optical axis is too concentrated on one side of the traffic lane or the curb (as shown in Figure 8), thus reducing the utilization of the lamps. When only one side of the lighting fixture is turned on, there are often problems such as a large difference in the brightness of the roadways on the left and right sides and a poor uniformity of the road surface.
2. 7 part of the tunnel lighting has security risks
Due to the excessive installation of the lighting system of the Xihan Expressway tunnel, and the lack of remote manual/automatic control of many medium and short tunnels, in order to save energy and reduce electricity bills in actual operation, most tunnel daylight lighting control schemes are open with emergency lighting. One side of the reinforced lighting and basic lighting, but not for the tunnel length, line shape and other characteristics to design a scientific and reasonable lighting control program, so that the tunnel lighting brightness can not be effectively adjusted according to the outside brightness, traffic volume and other conditions, not only energy consumption, There are also safety hazards such as insufficient brightness or severe glare.