Automotive lamps have evolved from the most primitive candle lamps to the commonly used incandescent lamps. In recent years, new HID lamps and LED lamps have appeared. Since the Audi R8, the first model of the Audi family to install LED headlights, international luxury car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Toyota and Ford have launched new models with colorful LED lamps to attract customers, especially Japanese cars have been widely used for LEDs. It is called the car light that does not need to replace the bulb in a lifetime, and is one of the most dazzling products in the international automotive electronics.
LED lights and characteristics
The advantages of LED lights are as follows: First, the monochromaticity is good and the colors are rich and colorful. The color saturation reaches 130% full color, making the light clearer and softer. Second, long life and good earthquake resistance. LEDs are semiconductor components. Unlike incandescent lamps, there are no fragile movable parts such as glass and tungsten wires. The fault is extremely low and maintenance-free. Third, no delay, fast response time. The LED's startup time is only a few tens of nanoseconds, and the startup time is much shorter than that of the incandescent bulb, which leaves the driver with more reaction time. Fourth, high efficiency, low energy consumption. The LED light source can directly produce the red, amber and other colors required by the automobile lamp without filtering color, and has no loss, and the power utilization rate is as high as 80% or more. 5. Small size and light weight. With its characteristics, it can design thin, light and compact lamps of various styles to provide space for automotive design. Sixth, green lighting source. The LED spectrum has good monochromaticity, no extra infrared, ultraviolet and other spectra, no mercury harmful substances, and little heat and radiation. 7. The luminous flux of a single LED is small. At present, the research level of luminous flux of a single LED can reach 120lm/W, the product level is ≤60lm/W, and the high-power LED often needs to increase the size of the heat sink, so the LED light source generally adopts the LED array design method.
Domestic LED lamp application status
The first LED automotive lamp in China was developed in 1999 by Shanghai Automotive Electronics Engineering Center and Shanghai Xiaohao Auto Lamp Co., Ltd. and certified by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd. Since then, LED car lights have developed very slowly. In 2002, China joined the WTO. In 2003, automobile production showed a spurt of growth. The world's major auto companies set up factories in China. China's Chery, Geely and other private enterprises with independent property rights have risen rapidly. Pulled the development of China's LED lights. In 2003, we successfully launched the Buick Regal concept car with a full set of LED lights in addition to the headlights. In the second half of 2004, the high growth rate of China's automobiles declined, and the competition in the automotive market was unprecedentedly fierce. New models and new models were continuously introduced, accelerating the development of new LED lights. The Shanghai Automotive Electronics Engineering Center and Shanghai Xiaohao Lamps Co., Ltd. launched the development of 25 LED lights in 2004, and more than 30 in 2005. Among them, Toyota, GM and Chery have proposed the demand for seven types of LED signal lamps for four models. This shows that the application of LEDs in automobiles has broken through the range of high-level brake lamps, marking China's LEDs. Signal automotive lighting has entered a new phase.
When the 2nd generation of Familia came on the market, the LED steering/reverse lights also became a great highlight of the car. Jiang Wei, head of the Electronic Technology Department of Shanghai Xiaohao Auto Lamp Co., Ltd. introduced: “The side turn signals, high brake lights, brake lights and taillights have been used in domestic high-end cars. In the field of LED lights, the company is mainly Focusing on the combination of rear lights, rear-view mirror side turn signals, high-position brake lights, LED backlights have been successfully developed for Cadillac series, Buick Rongyu, Toyota MARKX, etc. Nowadays, LEDs are gradually being applied to interior lighting. ."
Domestic LED lamp development bottleneck
In the field of automotive LEDs, there are currently no enterprises specializing in production in China, and only a few optical industry bases are doing research and development in this area. The bottleneck in the development of the domestic automotive LED market mainly comes from the following three aspects:
First of all, the production cost of LED lights is too high. The production technology of LED chips is difficult and the threshold is high. The temperature, humidity, power supply and dust removal requirements of the crystal growth process are very strict. In the initial stage, it is necessary to invest heavily in the construction of industrial park-type factories. At present, the main place of production of LED chips is Taiwan, which accounts for 47% of the LED market. The LED factories in mainland China are mostly only resin packaging and processing, and the chips need to be imported in large quantities, which is the main reason for the high cost. In fact, the high cost of LED lights is not the main problem. The price will naturally come down after the quality and batch problems are solved, but it is not expected that the LEDs will fall to the same price as incandescent lamps. However, we believe that the price of LED lights will not become an obstacle to its development, LED lights will replace incandescent lights like the original incandescent lamps instead of candle lights.
Secondly, due to the small number of independent cars in China and mainly in the middle and low-end cars, the demand for LEDs is very limited. The foreign brand models that occupy the main market share of domestic cars are very demanding and certified by LED suppliers. It is difficult for domestic LED companies to enter their supply chains. However, with the rise of private enterprise cars with independent intellectual property rights, one or twenty new models will be launched every year. Due to the rapid update of automobile lamps, the joint ventures are under competitive pressure, using LED lights as a market selling point and localization. The intention to purchase LEDs to reduce costs is gradually increasing, which will be a development opportunity for domestic LED companies.
Once again, domestic LEDs are mainly low-end LED products, and it is difficult to meet the automotive LED standards. Jin Rongzhen, engineer of the technical department of Changchun Co., Ltd., Hella Automotive Lighting R&D Center, said that only if there is a breakthrough in product patent technology, it is possible to have a place in the LED-related application market. At present, it is difficult for domestic enterprises to purchase LEDs for foreign vehicles. Production line equipment, the most important of which is the chip production equipment can not be bought, the technical barriers set up abroad are strict.
Domestic LED lights development prospects
At present, there are 20 million households with purchasing capacity in China. China is likely to become the world's third largest auto market, accounting for 6% of the global market, second only to the United States and Japan. By 2025, the size of China's auto market will reach the size of the current US auto market. In 2002, China's automobile production and sales volume was 3.25 million units. In 2003, sales volume reached 4.3 million units. In 2004, sales volume reached 5.15 million units. China has become the fastest growing region in the world.
In the next decade or so, the competition in the automotive market, by its very nature, is the competition of automotive electronics. It is predicted that the price of automotive electronics will account for more than 45% of the cost of the entire vehicle. The new and intelligent LED lamps are one of the most dazzling products in the world of automotive electronics. Experts predict that in the next five years, China's LED lights will develop rapidly. In the next few years, an annual output value of 1 billion yuan will be formed, and an annual output value of 3 billion yuan will be formed within 5 years.
From the development status and trend of LED lamp technology, China's LED high-position brake lights will be further popularized, prices will decline steadily, LED rear brake lights, turn signals and fog lights will be commercialized, and LED car lamps will be personalized and artistic. The direction is developing, and the LED intelligent control system will also develop rapidly.
History of car lights
The evolution of automotive luminaires occurs with the change of automotive light sources, generally through the following four stages:
The first generation of car light source is directly burned by fuel (candle, kerosene or acetylene), which can meet the requirements of early car lights, but has obvious shortcomings such as low luminous efficiency, weak light intensity, unstable performance and complicated operation.
The second generation of automotive light sources are incandescent lamps. In 1879, Edison invented incandescent lamps. In 1913, the United States first applied incandescent lamp technology to Cadillac automotive headlights. The automotive lamps have undergone revolutionary changes, and since then, automotive lighting has entered the electrical age. Then, new technologies such as car mirrors, starters, generators and batteries emerged. In 1925, cars began to enter the era of incandescent lamps. Tungsten halogen lamps appeared in the 1950s, and it quickly became the main light source for strong light sources.
The third generation of automotive light sources is a gas discharge lamp (HID). It has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, high brightness and high reliability, and will replace incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps as the light source of new automotive headlamps.
The fourth generation of automotive light sources are semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs). The LED is a semiconductor PN junction diode. When a forward bias is applied across the PN junction, the PN junction system is excited, and the carrier transitions from a low energy state to a high energy state. When the carrier is in a high energy state, the unstable carrier is back. When the low energy state is combined, according to the principle of energy conservation, the excess energy will be released in the form of photons, which is the principle of LED electroluminescence.
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