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The electronic units in the car continue to grow rapidly, so it will be a great inspiration for the development of automotive electronics and the development of consumer electronic portable products. Today's consumers want the convenience and comfort that handheld electronic devices offer in their cars. Automotive electronics will no longer be dedicated to engine management systems or body controls, but will be extended to new areas such as infotainment, communications and driver/passenger assistance systems.A serious design challenge for designers is to ensure that the life of the vehicle matches the life of the in-vehicle electronics in order to avoid additional costs due to outdated technology and equipment elimination. From 8-track record players to audio tape players to CD players and MP3 players, this rapid development reminds car designers that the life cycle of in-vehicle electronic devices is relatively short. The emerging emerging automotive standards and the ever-changing standards themselves further lead to the need to consider the longevity of their choice of standards, their longevity, flexibility and acceptance. Some of the standards currently in use include Local Interconnect Network (LIN), Control Area Network (CAN), Media Oriented System Transport (MOST), and Bluetooth.
Other challenges faced by automotive electronics component designers include meeting low cost targets, extended temperature ranges, and miniaturization requirements. Programmable logic devices (PLDs) have evolved over the past 10 years, offering higher performance, lower power consumption, wider operating temperature range, smaller form factor, and lower cost, so PLDs for cars Designers are becoming more and more attractive.
According to industry market research firm Gartner Dataquest (November 2003), the global automotive electronics application market was approximately $73.2 million in 2003 and is expected to reach $77.9 million in 2004 and $85.3 million in 2005. The main automotive electronics systems include GPS navigation systems, engine control units and digital stereo audio systems.
Advantages of programmable logic devices
Due to the flexible nature of PLD reprogramming, it is especially suitable for a variety of changes. By reprogramming the PLD, the new version of the standard can be quickly implemented, even after deployment in the field. Reprogramming can be done in an existing system without physically disassembling the PLD. This process is known as System Programmability (ISP) and can be done through standard programming protocols such as IEEE1149.1 JTAG. Designers can upgrade the electronics in the car as they do with the engine. In fact, future automotive electronics upgrades may become as common as regular program maintenance.
Of course, there are many models of cars, from economy to standard, and luxury. Therefore, depending on the type of car, the in-vehicle electronic devices are also different. Moreover, recognizing the reprogrammability and flexibility of PLDs, automotive designers can offer different combinations of features from standard to luxury on the same platform. This can also explain why the use of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) is generally not considered, although ASICs have the advantage of lower cost in high volume. In fact, the high cost of NRE and the inflexibility of ASIC bridging have allowed ASICs to be excluded from viable solutions.
Bridging function
A microprocessor or microcontroller is the heart of an automotive electronic system. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) PLD devices are an excellent choice for bridging different automotive bus standards from microprocessor or microcontroller interfaces. The following two examples enable flexible bridging between the two popular automotive bus protocols (LIN and MOST) and microprocessor or microcontroller interfaces at low cost. The key to the success of these applications is the FPGA's flexible architecture and reprogrammability, making it easy to interface with multiple microprocessors or microcontrollers, giving designers maximum flexibility. To implement new requirements or to modify existing designs without changing components, simply reprogram the FPGA.
There are already intellectual property (IP) cores for automotive bus standards such as LIN and CAN. LIN is a low-cost single-wire (12V bus) serial communication protocol based on the Universal Serial Communication Interface (UART) data format and the single-master/multi-slave concept designed to meet the requirements of distributed electronic systems in automobiles. This low-cost network system is designed to connect to distributed nodes with relatively low communication requirements, rather than replacing high-performance networks such as CAN. LIN is primarily targeted at automotive applications that use smart sensors, regulators or lighting. These units can be easily connected to the car network for all other types of diagnostic and service access.
One of the features of the LIN bus is its synchronization mechanism, which allows the slave nodes to recover the clock without the need for an additional quartz or ceramic oscillator. The line driver and receiver specifications are in accordance with the ISO 9141 single line standard with additional enhancements. The maximum transmission rate is 20 kbit/s, a limitation stemming from EMI considerations and clock synchronization mechanisms.
A LIN network consists of a master node and one or more slave nodes. All nodes perform slave communication tasks including sending and receiving tasks, while the master node also includes master sending tasks. Communication in an active LIN network is always initiated by the master task - the master task sends a message header consisting of a sync interrupt, a sync byte, and a message identifier.
At the same time, only one slave task receives and filters the identifier, which is responsible for sending the message response. The response consists of two, four or eight data bytes and one check byte. The message header and response part form a message frame.
Clock synchronization, the simplicity of UART communication, and the use of single-wire media are the main reasons for LIN's high cost efficiency. There is not much FPGA resources required to achieve low-cost, low-speed LIN—about 500 LUTs and 42 I/Os. As a result, low-cost FPGA devices are well-suited for implementing the LIN standard while also providing the flexibility to interface with microprocessors or microcontrollers.
MOST technology provides a low-cost, low-cost network interface for connecting simple multimedia devices. MOST supports both low-smart devices and complex DSP-based devices that require advanced control and multimedia capabilities. Its design principle maximizes the flexibility of the overall automotive communication system. At the same level, MOST is a general-purpose high-performance and low-cost multimedia optical network technology based on synchronous data communication. MOST is ideal for multimedia applications such as analog audio gateways, analog video interfaces, digital video display interfaces, navigation and communications in automobiles. The MOST standard has several different layers, such as physical layer (PHY), data transceiving link layer, transport layer, session layer and other layers, which can support a wide range of applications from Kbps to 24.8 Mbps.
MOST is a synchronous network. The clock is provided by a timing master, and all other device operations are synchronized to this clock. This technology avoids buffering and sample rate conversion, so it can be connected to very simple and inexpensive devices. It is essentially similar to a switched telephone network. The MOST technology defines the data channel and control channel. The control channel is used to determine which data channel is used by the sender and receiver. Once the connection is established, the data can be transmitted continuously without the need to process additional packet information. This is an optimal mechanism for streaming data transmission.
Key benefits of the MOST network include: ease of use, low implementation cost, wide range of applications, simultaneous and asynchronous bandwidth, flexibility, and compliance with the consumer and personal computer industries.
cut costs
Utilizing the inherent flexibility and reprogrammability of FPGAs, bridges between different automotive bus standards and microprocessor or microcontroller interfaces can be bridged on a single platform, greatly simplifying bridging and enabling automotive manufacturers to utilize the same FPGA The device meets the different requirements for electronic units in different grades of cars (from economy to luxury). This simplifies inventory management and offers volume pricing, further reducing development, production, service and logistics costs.
The cost savings benefits of FPGAs continue throughout the life of the car. By reprogramming or reconfiguring, the FPGA does not have to pay for additional engineering costs (which is unavoidable when using ASICs) to meet upgrade requirements. Further, some FPGA manufacturers also offer density-enhanced capability in package-compatible situations, providing more logic capacity without the original PCB design, extending the life of the electronics platform as system requirements change dramatically.
These capabilities and advantages not only make FPGA devices more attractive to designers, but also allow them to choose microprocessors or microcontrollers more freely. By using an FPGA in your design, designers can choose a cost-optimized microprocessor or microcontroller, or choose a more feature-rich product. This flexibility directly reduces the overall solution cost of automotive electronic components.
LatticeECP and LatticeEC FPGA devices also offer a unique cost-saving feature that supports standard SPI memory configurations. Traditionally, SRAM-based FPGAs require the use of a higher-priced, dedicated, non-volatile boot PROM from an FPGA vendor. These PROMs account for more than 35% of the total FPGA solution cost. In contrast, low-cost, industry-standard SPI memory is ideal for high-volume applications. SPI memory configuration time is fast, low cost and takes up less PCB space.
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