With the rapid development of cloud computing services, standardization has always been a hot topic in the industry, and many cloud computing standards organizations have appeared internationally. Based on the current status of international cloud computing standardization, this paper analyzes the direction of cloud computing standardization, and prospects the future of cloud computing standardization.
1 Cloud computing standardization needs are increasingly urgent
Regarding the concept of cloud computing, the industry and the technology community have basically reached a consensus: Cloud computing is a business model that obtains services from a shared configurable computing resource pool in a convenient and on-demand manner through the network. These services actually come from traditional IT services, including hardware services, platform services, software services, etc.
According to Gartner ’s forecast, global cloud service revenue is expected to reach US $ 68.3 billion in 2010, an increase of 16.6% compared with 2009 revenue of US $ 58.6 billion. It is expected that the cloud computing industry ’s revenue will reach US $ 148.8 billion by 2014, showing a strong Growth momentum. The rapid growth of the market makes the standardization of the market increasingly urgent. Cloud computing will become a public service similar to telecommunications services in the future. A fully marketable public cloud service needs to involve interfaces between service providers (similar to network and service interconnection between operators), as well as service providers. The interface with the user (similar to the interface between the operator and the end user), these interfaces need to be standardized in order to achieve the interoperability of services between service providers, while avoiding the service provider to lock users.
In response to this demand, there are already many international standards organizations and industry alliances that have started the standardization of cloud computing and cloud services. This article will start with the current status of international cloud computing standardization and analyze the direction and trends of cloud computing standardization.
2 The current international standardization of cloud computing
At present, global cloud computing standardization work has started, and more than 30 standards organizations around the world have announced their participation in the formulation of cloud computing standards, and this number is still increasing. These standards organizations can be roughly divided into 3 types:
(1) Traditional IT standards organizations or industry alliances represented by DMTF, OGF, SNIA, etc. Some of these standards organizations were originally focused on grid standardization, and now turn to cloud computing standardization.
(2) Emerging standards organizations such as CSA, OCC, CCIF, etc. dedicated to cloud computing standardization.
(3) Standard organizations in the field of traditional telecommunications or the Internet represented by ITU, ISO, IEEE, and IETF.
It should be said that most of these organizations are still in the "hot spot hype" state, and there is not much substantial progress, and some standards organizations have begun to gradually due to some internal factors such as intellectual property rights. Lost vitality. It can be seen from Table 1 that the results of most standards organizations are still only some white papers or technical reports, and there are very few standards documents that can be formed. Even some standards that have been issued have limited fields (such as focusing on Storage, etc.) without much impact.
Table 1 Cloud computing standards organization achievement statistics
Although the results are few, some standards organizations do a lot of meaningful work and are working hard to advance the standardization of cloud computing. These important standards organizations include:
2.1 NIST
NIST (NaTIonal InsTItute of Standards and Technology, the National Institute of Standards and Technology) is supported by the US federal government, and a lot of standardization work is carried out. With the promotion of the new federal CIO, the US federal government is actively promoting the procurement of cloud computing services by federal agencies. As a standardization agency of the federal government, NIST has undertaken the task of providing technical and standard support for the government. In terms of core vendors, they have jointly put forward the definition of cloud computing that has been widely accepted so far, and according to the procurement needs of federal agencies, they continue to promote the standardization of cloud computing.
2.2 DMTF
DMTF (The Distributed Management Task Force) is an industry organization leading management standards and integrated technologies for enterprises and Internet environments. DMTF established the "Open Cloud Computing Standard Incubator" in April 2009, focusing on IaaS interface standardization and developing an Open Virtual Interface (Open VirtualizaTIon Format, OVF) so that users can freely migrate between different IaaS platforms .
2.3 CSA
CSA (Cloud Security Alliance, Cloud Security Alliance) is a standard organization specifically for cloud computing security. It has issued a white paper on "Security Guidelines for Key Fields of Cloud Computing", which has become an important guidance document in the field of cloud computing security.
2.4 IEEE
Cloud computing (mainly IaaS services that provide services in a virtualized way) brings a series of difficult problems to traditional IDC and Ethernet switching technologies, such as virtual machine exchange, virtual machine migration, and data / storage network As the main maker of the Ethernet standard, IEEE is currently conducting research on the above issues, and has achieved some staged results.
2.5 SNIA
SNIA (Storage Networking Industry AssociaTIon, Storage Network Association) is a standard organization focused on storage networks. In the field of cloud computing, SNIA mainly focuses on cloud storage standards, and has now released "Cloud Data Management Interface CDMI v1.0".
ITU, IETF, ISO and other traditional international standards organizations have also begun to attach importance to the standardization of cloud computing. Following the establishment of the Cloud Computing Focus Group by the ITU, the Cloud Computing Research Group (Q23) was established in SG13; the IETF held the BOF of cloud computing in the last two meetings, attracting the attention of many members ; ISO carries out some cloud computing related SOA standardization work in ISO / IEC JTC1. These standards organizations are different from other organizations that focus on a specific industry area. They hope to promote cloud computing standardization from the perspective of top-level architecture. Although they may not achieve too many results in the short term, in the long run, these organizations If you can absorb the strengths of the various families and form a "top-level design" of cloud computing standards, it should be very meaningful.
3 Characteristics of international cloud computing standardization
3.1 Private and open source implementations cause certain difficulties in standardization
Judging from the current situation of cloud computing service providers, private and open source implementations of cloud platforms are still dominant. On the one hand, cloud computing related open source implementations, such as Hadoop, Eucalyptus, KVM, etc., have become an important foundation for building cloud computing platforms. Some companies with independent development capabilities are developing on the basis of these open source implementations to provide personalized features. Cloud computing business. On the other hand, companies with first-mover advantage use their mature technologies and products to form de facto standards, such as VMware and Citrix's virtual machine management systems, which dominate the cloud computing solution market.
It should be said that the cloud platform based on open source or private technology does not conflict with the standardization of cloud computing, because for standardization, the focus should be on the external interface of the system, not the internal implementation of the system. However, some open source implementations cannot provide interfaces for inter-platform interconnection and interoperability, while some private or dedicated cloud platforms are reluctant to provide open interfaces due to interest relationships, thus causing certain difficulties in standardization.
3.2 IaaS is the focus of standardization
IaaS is a basic cloud computing service that realizes the virtualization of basic IT resources (such as storage, memory, CPU, network, etc.). From an industrial point of view, IaaS has a relatively mature industrial chain and is the most realistic and convenient way for traditional enterprise data centers to migrate to cloud computing. Therefore, IaaS is currently the most publicized and focused cloud computing business model in the market. To some extent, IaaS has even become synonymous with cloud computing in the market. From a technical point of view, the concept and technical implementation of IaaS are the most clear, and technologies such as host virtualization and distributed storage are relatively unified in form and goal. The standardization of IaaS has both technical feasibility and market demand, so it has become the focus of current standardization.
3.3 Interoperability, business migration and security are the main directions of standardization
NIST has set the focus of its cloud computing standardization as interoperability, portability, and security, which may represent a consensus in the industry on the direction of cloud computing standardization. At present, many standards organizations have listed cloud interoperability, business migration and security as the three most important standardization directions for cloud computing.
Similar to the interconnection between the same services of different operators in today's telecommunications network, future cloud providers will inevitably achieve interconnection and interoperability, which is also a necessary condition for establishing a more reasonable market competition and cooperation relationship. Interoperability between cloud platforms will promote the further subdivision of the cloud computing industry chain and produce more flexible and diversified business forms. Interoperability will generate many standardized requirements for inter-cloud interfaces, such as the interface between computing and storage clouds, and the interface between software and infrastructure clouds.
Business migration between clouds is an important foundation for maintaining market order and avoiding business monopoly and user lock-in. Service migration between clouds requires the definition of standardized services, resources, and data description methods among providers of similar cloud computing services, which also generates a lot of standard requirements.
Among the challenges facing cloud computing development, security and privacy come first. Cloud security is considered to be the key issue that determines whether cloud computing can survive, so it naturally becomes the focus of standardization. Of course, security issues need to be resolved from multiple angles such as law, regulation, and trust system. Standardization is only one aspect. From a technical point of view, cloud security issues have brought standardized requirements for cloud platform and client security protection, data encryption, and regulatory interfaces.
3.4 Market leaders are increasingly positive on standardization issues
Standardization is a technical means to avoid monopoly, so some cloud computing “first movers†were initially not positive about standardization.
At the end of March 2009, initiated by IBM, dozens of manufacturers and organizations including IBM, AMD, EMC, Sun, SAP, VMWare, and other well-known chips, storage, virtualization, software, etc. in the industry signed a "open The "Cloud Computing Declaration" establishes several principles for open cloud computing to ensure future cloud computing interoperability. The declaration was boycotted by cloud pioneers such as Microsoft, Amazon, Google, and Salesforce. These companies refused to sign the declaration.
In April 2009, with the support of many companies, the DMTF established an "open cloud computing standard incubator", hoping to be able to develop a set of technical specifications for IaaS, but Amazon, the leading IaaS business in the market, does not support this organization. , Amazon believes that cloud computing has not yet reached the stage of standardization.
The above cases all show the market leaders' attitude towards standardization. As the market leaders, they certainly don't want the current monopoly situation to be broken. However, the development of the market is irresistible. The expansion of the market scale will inevitably require space for the latecomers to survive. Standardization, especially the standardization of interoperability and business migration, is an important basis for the market to open up. Therefore, the attitude of market leaders is gradually undergoing positive changes. At present, Google is actively participating in the IETF discussion on cloud computing; Salesforce has become one of the members of CSA; Microsoft, Intel, etc. have become members of the DMTF board of directors. All these changes show that the standardization of cloud computing has become a consensus in the industry.
4 China's participation in international standardization activities
Although China has not achieved a leading position in the international cloud computing industry and services, many domestic enterprises and research institutions are actively participating in the international standardization of cloud computing.
In the DMTF, Lenovo has become a leader (Leadership) member, and Huawei has also become a participation (Participation) member; Lenovo Wangyu, Rising, and Blue Shield have become members of CSA; in the IETF, ZTE has initiated cloud computing BOF meeting on the aspect; in ITU, ZTE, Telecom Research Institute and other units play an important role in the cloud computing focus group, SG13 cloud computing research group; in the standardization promotion organization The Open Group, China ’s Kingdee software has become a member of the board of directors; The Institute of Electronic Technology Standardization has become the initiator of the ISO JTC1 cloud computing standardization work; not long ago, China Telecom officially joined the global cloud computing research and development test platform Open Cirrus.
These circumstances indicate that China is no longer a bystander in cloud computing standardization, which also lays the foundation for China to have a certain right to speak in the field of cloud computing in the future.
5 Conclusion
With the expansion of the market and the development of business, the standardization of cloud computing has become the general trend. In the long run, if cloud computing is to become a public service industry such as telecommunications and power, forming a huge industrial scale, standardization is an inevitable choice for many manufacturers. At present, although the results of cloud computing standardization are few, it generally shows a "bottom-up" trend, that is, starting with some specific fields or detailed technologies, and gradually forming an overall standard framework.
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