Lithium-ion batteries have higher specific energy and good cycle performance, and have achieved great success in the field of consumer electronics, but lithium-ion batteries are also synonymous with high cost, especially in the field of electric vehicles, which have huge demand for lithium-ion batteries. The cost of ion batteries will be more sensitive. However, due to the high price of raw materials, especially raw materials such as lithium carbonate, Co and Ni have a large price increase in the near future, and the current cost reduction of lithium ion batteries is limited.
In order to reduce the cost per unit of Wh, a variety of high energy density batteries have been developed, such as Li-O2 batteries, with a theoretical specific energy of up to 3600 Wh/kg (2Li++O2+2e-=Li2O2, 2.96V vs Li/Li+). It is higher than lithium ion batteries and is environmentally friendly. In order to further reduce the cost, Na-O2 and Zn-O2 batteries have been developed by replacing metal Li with Na, Zn, etc. Currently, these technologies are still in the research and development stage of basic technology. At present, the main research is mainly focused on metal-electrolyte interface research. And the study of discharge products, etc., Li-O2 battery development is less difficult, the research is relatively full, hopefully can be applied in a short period of time.
In addition, Li-S battery is also a research hotspot. The theoretical specific volume of S can reach 1672mAh/g, and the theoretical specific energy reaches 2600Wh/kg. Although it is inferior to Li-O2 battery, it is much higher than lithium ion battery. At present, the main problem of Li-S battery is that the conductivity of S is poor, close to the insulator, and the volume expansion is large (80%). The lithium intercalation product of the S positive electrode is dissolved in the electrolyte and shuttles between the positive and negative electrodes, resulting in capacity. Fast decay, poor cycle and storage performance. At present, ester electrolytes commonly used in lithium ion batteries cannot be applied to Li-S batteries due to many side reactions, so Li-S batteries generally use ether electrolytes, resulting in poor high temperature performance of the batteries. In order to overcome the above problems, the researchers have overcome the S nanometering, surface coating modification and new solid electrolyte. At present, Li-S battery research has made many important progress, so Li-S battery is also the most It is hoped to replace the high specific energy storage system of lithium ion batteries in a short period of time.
There has never been a shortage of spoilers in the field of energy storage, and emerging dual-ion batteries have been one of them in recent years. Only Li+ is involved in the reaction between the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium ion battery. During the charging process of the dual ion battery, the anion migrates to the anode under the action of the electric field, is embedded in the anode structure, and the cation migrates to the cathode and is embedded into In the cathode, the discharge process is reversed, and the ions in the anode and cathode are released, returning to the electrolyte, and recovering the concentration of the electrolyte.
At present, the positive electrode material used in the dual ion battery is mainly graphite material. In fact, the anion can be embedded in the graphite structure as early as 1938 by Ru? Dorff and Hofmann found that, because of the high embedding potential of the anion, the electrolyte of the early dual-ion battery uses a high concentration of acid solution as the electrolyte, which poses a great safety hazard. Until the 1990s, with the commercial application of lithium-ion batteries, it was found that if the positive electrode of a lithium-ion battery was replaced with a graphite-based material capable of intercalating an anion, a higher-voltage dual-ion battery could be obtained. In the following decades, people began to conduct in-depth research on dual-ion batteries, especially the mechanism of the anion embedded in the graphite structure.
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