In the next few years, radar will play an important role in the development of advanced assisted driving systems (ADAS). With the expansion of its role, the functions of radar transceiver, signal processing and automatic hedging will make the vehicle-mounted ADAS system more and more like the tactical system in combat aircraft, which will have a great impact on the basis of automotive system design.
Why is radar?
Most of the discussion on ADAS has focused on passive vision systems using visible wavelength cameras. And Ralf Reuter, a radar system engineer at Freescale Semiconductor, persuasively demonstrated the role of 77-GHz radar.
Reuter talked in a recent interview: "The important point is that [ADAS sensor technology] only radar is not related to the weather. The camera has an advantage in identifying targets, and the radar is better at detecting objects and measuring their speed."
Reuter explained that for these reasons, many early systems that value detection and risk classification assessment will choose radar. He pointed out: "In Europe, there is a great demand for truck emergency braking systems. It is based on radar."
The radar system will activate a simple mid-range system, looking straight ahead at the entire road. However, it will soon develop into a multi-sensor system that includes long-distance forward looking and short-distance 360-degree risk assessment functions, as shown in Figure 1.
Although the optical vision system is very mature, the advantages of the radar system will make it more perfect. Reuter predicts that in the near future, multi-camera complex systems with target recognition will be able to fuse video and radar data to build a dynamic model of the surrounding world.
Figure 1. The radar system can perform a forward search and observe the surroundings of the vehicle.
Acquire the Signal
Understanding the impact of radar on automotive system design starts with understanding sensors. Most automotive radar designs are willing to use the 24 or 77-GHz free frequency band. The transmitter is generally a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) design, which emits "chirp": rapid changes in the frequency domain, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The onboard radar will use the chirped FMCW.
Reuter explained: "The biggest advantage of FMCW is that it simplifies the understanding of the reflected signal. You can directly read the target range from the reflected frequency and derive the speed from the Doppler frequency shift. Compared to the pulse modulation scheme, the CW is generated Not too complicated, easy to understand, and reliable. This is the most concern of vehicle manufacturers, who feel that every euro spent on improving ADAS comes directly from corporate profits.
Receiving signals also requires low-cost novel designs. To collect reflected signals by collecting azimuth information requires a mechanical scanning antenna or a phased array antenna, combined with a digital beamforming algorithm. Behind the antenna is usually a homodyne receiver with many channels, which is required for antenna design-for simple rotation of the antenna, there are 16 in an array.
Reuter said: "The receiver output is a baseband signal in the DC-20-MHz band." A system designed to achieve good azimuth resolution will have 8 to 16 channels and require 8 to 16 high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). .
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